The judgments that determine our actions in everyday life and determine
the decisions of entrepreneurs responsible for the functioning of the
economic system have little to do with conclusions drawn from
comprehensive analysis and accurate measurements. The thought processes
occurring in these two cases are completely different. In everyday life,
they are mostly subconscious. Decisions in the field of economic system
activity indicate rare cases, and they cannot be subordinated to
statistical groups to determine the approximate probability of a
particular outcome. It is simply inappropriate to use an objectively
measured probability here. AS. Koshechkin, like F. Knight, believes that
it is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of "risk" and
"uncertainty." First, it only creates risk when a decision has to be
made (otherwise there is no point in risking). In other words, the need
to make decisions in the face of uncertainty is a risk; in the absence
of such a need, there is no risk.
Second, risk is subjective and uncertainty is objective. For example,
the lack of objective information on the volume of potential demand for
manufactured products creates a number of risks for the project
participants. For example, for an individual entrepreneur, the risk of
uncertainty due to the lack of market research becomes a credit risk for
the investor (the bank that finances this individual entrepreneur), and
if the loan is not repaid, it becomes a liquidity risk. It becomes the
risk of losses and subsequent bankruptcy, and for the recipient, this
risk becomes the risk of an unexpected change in market conditions, and
the manifestation of risk for each of the participants individually,
both qualitatively and quantitatively.
Speaking about uncertainty, A.S. Koshechkin notes that it can be expressed in different ways:
— in the form of a probability distribution (the distribution of the
random variable is known exactly, but it is not known what the specific
value of the random variable will be);
— in the form of subjective probabilities (the distribution of a random
variable is unknown, but the probability of individual events determined
by a specialist is known);
— in the form of discontinuous uncertainty (the distribution of a random
variable is unknown, but it is known that it can take any value in a
given interval).
It should also be noted that the nature of uncertainty is determined by many factors:
— temporary uncertainty is associated with the inability to accurately predict the value of the future factor;
— the uncertainty of the exact values of the parameters of the market
system can be characterized as the uncertainty of the market situation;
— The unpredictability of the actions of participants in a conflict of interest also creates uncertainty.
Thus, the concepts of "risk" and "uncertainty" differ from each other,
although they have many common features, more precisely, uncertainty is
one of the conditions for the existence of economic risk.
Risk in the economy is associated with the concept of "benefit", the
likelihood of its loss and harm. Responsibility for economic risk means
responsibility at the expense of profit. An entrepreneur who wants to
make a profit takes economic risk and quickly discovers that he is a
constant companion and that his ability to handle risk is highly
dependent on the position. If an entrepreneur does not consider taking
risks, eventually he will have to realize his mistake: if he is willing
to take risks and consider it, this will increase his company's chances
of survival and growth. Therefore, the manager must predict risks,
analyze them and manage them in order to minimize losses.
J.M. Keynes believed that the economic agent did not have a clear idea
of what benefits would be obtained; he drives only a few hypotheses with
varying degrees of accuracy.
F. Knight also noted, “Profit (in terms of entrepreneurial income) is
also partially formed as a reward for successful production management
in the face of risks and uncertainties inherent in a market economy”.
Determination of risk, or rather its assessment, is of great importance
for a more complete understanding of the category of economic risk.
The
main problems in determining the magnitude of risk are:
1. In real economic activity, it is not always possible to quantify risks;
2. The content and volume of information about an economic entity may not always be sufficient.
Thus, J.M. Keynes argued that the value of a product should include
costs that may arise because of unexpected changes in market prices,
equipment obsolescence or destruction due to natural disasters.
Keynes argues that entrepreneurial risk is "necessary social costs,
although they can be reduced both by equating risks to each other and by
improving the accuracy of forecasts".
Thus, we can conclude that the supporters of the classical risk theory
associated this category only with losses and losses, while the
representatives of the neoclassical school associated it with the
expected deviation of profits, and both schools agreed that there is
economic risk.
From the point of view of political economy, “risk is a state of
uncertainty in economic relations, which implies obtaining both positive
and negative results”.
Given the nature and content of risk, the concept of risk can be defined as follows:
— reality through the reflection of vital economic relations;
— historical, because it has characteristics of different economic formations.
As a historical category, risk is the potential risk taken by a person. This indicates that, historically, risk has been associated with the entire process of social development. The danger arose at the lowest stage of civilization with the emergence of the fear of human death as a historical category. Later, with the development of civilization, commodity-money relations arose, which led to the emergence of risk as an economic category.
As an economic category, risk has three characteristics:
• Mode;
• The form;
• Appreciate.
Let us try to analyze the economic risk associated with these three positions.
The essence of economic risk is the uncertainty of economic processes
and their consequences. The probable structure of the economic
environment, the variability of business activity, randomness — all this
forces an economic entity to conduct activities in a risky or less
risky and / or completely safe way. In the process of choosing an
alternative solution, an economic entity is faced with various
uncertainties. In general, all of these types of uncertainty create a
significant uncertainty called the hazard element.
Excessive profits are a form of economic risk. What appears to be
content-level uncertainty is in the form of surplus on the surface of
events or lack of profit as a price to pay for risk.
The entrepreneur's risk and the amount of his income are directly
related. Additional income received by the organization from
participation in the project, the result of which is not determined, is
defined as the risk premium.
It is necessary to clearly define the concepts of "risk" and "risk management" in order to effectively and efficiently act in the context of alternatives, uncertainty and various variability of the strategy of the economic system's development, as well as to take into account the existing and emerging elements of economic risk and uncertainty.
There are different directions in the interpretation of economic risk.
This is often defined as probability, risk, activity, or harm. These
discrepancies are associated with the specifics of the areas of
application of the category of "risk" — economic, legal, political and
sociological and others.
The current situation with the definition of the economic nature of the
category "risk" is discussed in his book "Risk and its role in social
life" Algin A.P. is described as follows: “In the public consciousness
and in a number of scientific publications, two opposite views on the
nature of risk prevail. On the one hand, the risk arises in the form of
failure, risk, material or other losses that may arise because of the
implementation of the developed solution; on the other hand, the risk is
determined by the expected success.
Economic risk is a multifaceted, complex phenomenon with many
incompatible and sometimes contradictory real causes. This is what
allows us to live with many definitions of economic risk.
Another Russian economist I. Balabanov gives the following definition:
“Risk as an economic category is an event that may or may not happen.
When such an event occurs, there can be three economic consequences:
negative (loss), zero and positive (profit, profit).
A.N. Horin argues that risk is the deviation of the identified data from
the typical, stable, mean, or alternative value of the estimated score.
In all approaches aimed at defining risk as an economic category, the
authors emphasize its important features, elements and characteristics.
The concepts discussed above define risk from a conflict theory
perspective. In other words, the concept of "risk" arises when there is a
problem that needs to be solved. The author proposes to consider this
concept from the point of view of the theory of chaos, that is, to take
into account not only the problem that may arise, but also its
subsequent development, its influence on other indicators of the system
and the activities of all humankind.
Thus, risk should be considered as an economic category, which is an
integral part of all socio-economic processes occurring in the
organization, and can balance the system and, therefore, improve or
eliminate its effectiveness.
Khokhlov N.V. risk management” is a multi-stage process aimed at
reducing or compensating for damage to an object in the event of an
accident. It is important to understand that minimizing damage and
reducing risk are not adequate concepts. Second, it means a reduction in
potential damage or the likelihood of an adverse event. There are
various financial management mechanisms, such as insurance, that provide
compensation for damage without affecting its size or likelihood of
occurrence.
R.M. According to Katchalov. "In strategic planning, risk management
includes the development and implementation of cost-oriented
recommendations and measures aimed at reducing the initial level of risk
for the enterprise to an acceptable end level."
To a certain extent, risk management can be described as a set of
methods and measures that make it possible to predict the occurrence of
risk events and take measures to eliminate or reduce the negative
consequences of such events.
Risk management is a system of risk management and management of
economic, or rather financial relations, arising in the decision-making
process.
It is recommended to define risk management as a system of economic relations aimed at reducing uncertainty in a given choice environment, as well as predicting and assessing the prospects for the strategic development of an organization under the influence of risk factors. In such a situation, it is possible to assess the likelihood of achieving the desired result (additional benefit), failure (loss) and deviation from the existing goal in the selected alternatives, as well as measures to reduce the likelihood of risk events.
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