“Without great knowledge and ability to use the laws of risk and the theory of probability, many huge buildings would not have been built; diseases would occupy people unhindered; the planes did not fly. Without the capital market, people with funds would not be able to invest their capital and diversify emerging risks, and the business spirit would suffocate. Capital-intensive industries such as railways and power plants will be built in an inefficient government style or not at all. Economic growth will be rapid and the standard of living will be more primitive than we usually think”.
Risk management can be compared to trying to define and control the
future. Historically, the main changes related to risk management, as
well as the construction of risk management systems, have been made in
organizations involved in financial activities. Historical risk analysis
has developed mainly in two areas of human activity — financial and
security. However, the scope of economic risk analysis has not yet been
formalized. What is Risk in Economics?
Research into the problem of economic risk is intensively carried out in
countries with developed market economies. For example, in the 1960s, a
number of scientists in the United States developed a comprehensive
theory of the risk of commercial organizations. You are V. Anderson, V.
Arsour, G. Magnusson, S. Stone, V. You can name the names of Western
authors dealing with this topic, for example, Ting et al.
The solution of problems in the field of economic risk analysis in our country began in the next 2-3 years. In Russia, they have been talking about this for the last 15-20 years. Russian scientists began to pay more attention to the study of this problem with the formation of a market economy than during the existence of its directive. Among them are Algin A.P., Balabanov I.T., Kleiner G.B., Grabovy P.G., Shapiro V.D., Kinev Y., Skamay L. and so on. This is because if in a centrally controlled economy the costs of unjustified economic activity of an enterprise are traditionally borne by the state, in a market economy they are borne directly by the economic entity. Recently, there have been separate publications in the local literature on various aspects of risk in specific areas of management (for example, banking, insurance), but there are no generalized theoretical works that reveal the essence of the economic category "risk".
The concept of "risk" is currently used in many specific natural and social sciences.
Consequently, risk is the subject of interdisciplinary
research. The peculiarity of the development of modern society makes it
not only possible, but also necessary to study the concept of "risk" as
an economic risk.
In general, risk is defined as the occurrence of certain adverse events
that can lead to various types of damage (for example, physical injury,
loss of property, income below the planned level, etc.).
In modern economic conditions, the adoption and implementation of
management decisions are subject to the influence of objectively
existing and radically uncertain uncertainty, risk, the possibility of a
certain deviation from the originally developed goals. Any
manifestation of uncertainty can delay the onset of events, change their
content or quantification, or lead to the undesirable development of
predictable and unforeseen events, which will lead to deviations from
the purpose for which the decisions were made.
Thus, the economic risk objectively becomes an integral part of the
economic system of the organization. Inevitable changes in the system
because of the presence of risk and its distribution are a constant and
strong factor in the development of an organization and society as a
whole.
Risk refers to life that may be harmed in the future by certain events.
This definition confirms the probable nature of the risk and the ability
of the economic entity to receive both losses and additional benefits.
Recognizing the probabilistic nature of the development of the economic
system, random factors affecting economic growth can delay the expected
result or change its content. Theory and especially practice show that
ignoring economic risk hinders the development of an enterprise and
society as a whole. Lack of risk, i.e. the risk of unpredictable and
undesirable events for the subject, as a rule, harms the economy,
reducing its dynamics and efficiency. The problem of risk is one of the
most important and urgent, and the level of economic development in the
future will largely depend on its solution.
Since ancient times, humanity has realized the dangers of all life
processes and is trying to predict natural disasters and problems that
await him in the future, predicting the future, and especially to
understand how to live in economic activity.
The origin of the term "risk" begins with words such as the Greek ridsikon, ridsa — cliff, stone. In Italy, risiko means danger, threat; risicare — move between stones. In French, risdo is a threat, a threat (literally a rock, two steps from a stone).
The emergence of the problem of risks and their study has a much longer history of their formation and development. For example, the ancient Greek historian Herodotus noted, "great deeds are usually determined by great risk."
The prophets and fortune-tellers of ancient Rome and China developed
fortune-telling methods of risk management. Currently, we cannot assess
the accuracy of these methods, because we do not know them, but many of
them played a role in the history of humankind and influenced very
important decisions. For example, the Old Testament tells the story of
an Egyptian pharaoh who, in his prophetic dream, saw seven skinny cows
greedily devouring seven other fat cows. Then he dreamed that seven weak
spikelet’s were swallowing seven healthy spikelet’s. To protect himself
from this danger, Pharaoh purchased and stored large quantities of
grain. Thus, the Egyptian people escaped starvation.
In ancient China, the Book of Changes served as a prediction of the
future for thousands of years. Based on these forecasts, very important
government decisions were made. Of course, not all of these decisions
were correct, but most of them saved lives. Thus, this book can be
considered one of the oldest and even the first guides to forecasting
and risk management.
Risk insurance also dates back to antiquity, when the class of traders
was born. From about the middle of the 16th century, after the great
geographical discoveries, the development of insurance especially
accelerated in connection with the first wave of "globalization" of
trade. Currency risks were taken into account by currency exchanges from
the very beginning of international trade.
In 1730, Frenchman Henri de Moivre proposed a normal distribution
structure and used the standard deviation as a measure of risk. Several
years later, Daniel Bernoulli defined an expected aid program based on
modern portfolio investment theory. In 1754, Baes proposed a theorem
that determines how informed decision-making affects decision-making.
Thus, almost all modern risk management tools are based on discoveries
made during this period.
These tools include the discovery of the law of statistical regression
in 1875 by the Englishman Francis Galton, the American G. Application of
Quantitative Diversification in Investment Portfolio Management
Markowitz (1952), G. Modigliani Investment Theory, N. Financial
Opportunities. Blake and M. Scholes and many other researchers and
practitioners have explored new financial instruments that have reshaped
the face and power of financial markets over the past half century.
After a while, a theoretical understanding of risk as an economic
category begins. Adam Smith and other English-speaking scholars often
used the word "risk" to refer to risky actions. He noted that profits
rise with risk, but are gradually lagging behind. Academician Storch, a
German scientist-turned-Russian academician, preferred the worker to
receive a salary rather than a profit, because he risked nothing.
Representatives of the classical theory (J. Mill, N.V. Large) understood
entrepreneurial income as the sum of its components: the share of
invested capital, the entrepreneur's wages and risk payments — this was
viewed as compensation for a spontaneous market and risky actions in the
competition. In this case, the dangerous behavior of the business
entity and the calculation of possible losses are completely independent
of each other.
For the first time, Frank Knight focused on economic risk as a problem.
He writes: "The concept of risk is central to a society that says
goodbye to the past, to traditional activities that lead to an unknown
future."
It is very difficult to give an example of “risk” in business that can
be used to predict the distribution of various potential outcomes. This
problem can only be solved by studying empirical results, and then there
is no guarantee that this will give a definite result. Many risks can
be brought to a largely predictable level using statistical grouping,
although an equally important part is not devoted to such a procedure.
Thus:
1. Statistical studies of the emergence of any positions do not allow obtaining ideally accurate quantitative results;
2. The risk or probability of making a profit, which is an integral
characteristic of entrepreneurial activity, to some extent allow
theoretical analysis to complement the study of empirical data.
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